Chapter 1 · Computer Systems
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Question
How did computers evolve through the five generations, and what is the aim of the fifth?
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Answer
1st (1940–56): vacuum tubes — huge, slow, hot, machine language. 2nd (1956–63): transistors — smaller, faster, reliable; FORTRAN and COBOL. 3rd (1963–71): integrated circuits — smaller still, keyboards and monitors, several programs at once. 4th (1971–now): microprocessors — PCs, GUIs, laptops, smartphones. 5th: artificial intelligence — its aim is thinking power: machines that learn, reason and understand natural language.
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